{"id":36732,"date":"2026-09-22T08:30:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-22T06:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kpw.law\/?p=36732"},"modified":"2026-09-19T22:03:01","modified_gmt":"2026-09-19T20:03:01","slug":"wish-platform-is-liable-for-counterfeits","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kpw.law\/en\/wish-platform-is-liable-for-counterfeits\/","title":{"rendered":"Wish platform is liable for counterfeits"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull v4-pattern-hero v4-pattern-hero--post is-style-background-blend is-style-arrow has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull is-light v4-pattern-hero__cover\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);min-height:75vh;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><img data-dominant-color=\"80b08d\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-36730 size-large not-transparent\" alt=\"Plattformhaftung f\u00fcr GHD-F\u00e4lschungen auf Wish, T\u00e4terhaftung Online-Marktplatz, Markenrecht, Produktpiraterie, Rechtsanwalt\" src=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Plattform-Wish-haftet-fuer-Markenfaelschungen-1024x576.avif\" style=\"--dominant-color: #80b08d; object-position:51% 77%\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" data-object-position=\"51% 77%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Plattform-Wish-haftet-fuer-Markenfaelschungen-1024x576.avif 1024w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Plattform-Wish-haftet-fuer-Markenfaelschungen-300x169.avif 300w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Plattform-Wish-haftet-fuer-Markenfaelschungen-768x432.avif 768w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Plattform-Wish-haftet-fuer-Markenfaelschungen-1536x864.avif 1536w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Plattform-Wish-haftet-fuer-Markenfaelschungen-2048x1152.avif 2048w\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-base-background-color has-background-dim-0 has-background-dim\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div style=\"height:5em\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-97ba1214 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-a6a2a725 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\r\n<h1 id=\"multirow-headline-block_b75dad0b0b02c5ea2a4ad26fd7a82756\" class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline\">\r\n    <div class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline\">\n\n<p class=\"has-gigantic-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\">Wish is liable <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-huge-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:15%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\">for <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-color has-text-color has-link-color has-huge-font-size wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\"><span class=\"v4-marker-highlight-background\">Counterfeits.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<\/div> \r\n<\/h1>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-small-font-size is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-878d3859 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:italic;font-weight:300;text-transform:uppercase\"><div style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:300;text-transform:uppercase\" class=\"wp-block-post-date has-small-font-size\"><time datetime=\"2026-09-22T08:30:00+02:00\">22. September 2026<\/time><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">of<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:600\" class=\"wp-block-post-author-name\">Clemens Pfitzer<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-3b99a472 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Is an online marketplace liable for counterfeit brand-name goods only once it becomes aware of them, or is it liable in the same way as a retailer who sells them directly? The <\/strong>Hamburg Higher Regional Court has ruled that the Wish platform is liable for counterfeit GHD hair straighteners. This opens up new avenues for brand owners to take action against platform operators themselves. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-glatteisen-fur-35-euro\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hair straighteners for 35 euros<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The owner of the GHD trademark manufactures hair straighteners, curling irons, and hair dryers. Its hair straighteners and curling irons cost between 189 and 299 euros. In 2019, he came across numerous listings for his <a href=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/en\/fields-of-law\/trademark-law\/\">trademark<\/a> on the platform wish.com, which he classified as counterfeits. A straightener that originally costs 262 euros was being offered there for 35 euros.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The offers came from sellers operating under pseudonyms. Some pseudonyms consisted solely of a random sequence of letters and numbers. There was no way to contact the sellers directly. Between October 1, 2019, and November 2021, the trademark owner reported 142 infringements through the platform\u2019s reporting system. The owner conducted six test purchases and issued multiple cease and desist letters to Wish.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Behind the wish.com platform are two companies: a San Francisco-based company and its Dutch subsidiary, ContextLogic B.V. The subsidiary handles the registration of European customers and payments.  <\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-vom-storer-zum-tater\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">From Facilitator to Perpetrator<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In its ruling of May 27, 2025, the Hamburg Regional Court found Wish liable only as a facilitator. A facilitator is liable if they contribute to a third party\u2019s infringement of rights and thereby violate reasonable duties of scrutiny. The Regional Court granted an injunction and ordered the disclosure of the merchants\u2019 names and addresses. It dismissed the requests for further information, damages, and relief under competition law.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The trademark owner filed an appeal. No one appeared on behalf of Wish at the oral hearing, so the Higher Regional Court issued a default judgment on May 8, 2026. Wish filed an objection and presented its case. The court reviewed the platform\u2019s objections and upheld the default judgment. The decision is thus based not solely on the failure to appear, but on a review of the merits of the case.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The very fact that the appeal was even admissible is noteworthy. The Regional Court had granted the injunction in exactly the same terms. The Higher Regional Court nevertheless found that the trademark owner had suffered harm. In the case of a third-party infringer, enforcement depends on the infringement of due diligence obligations. If another merchant were to offer counterfeit goods in the future, the platform could argue that its due diligence obligations had never been verified for that merchant.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-olg-hamburg-verurteilt-wish-als-tater\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hamburg Higher Regional Court Rules Wish Liable<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Gericht=OLG%20Hamburg&amp;Datum=27.08.2026&amp;Aktenzeichen=5%20U%2058%2F25\">its August 27, 2026, ruling\u2014Case No. 5 U 58\/25<\/a> \u2014Wish was found liable as the perpetrator of the trademark infringement. The platform must cease offering GHD merchandise in Germany that has not been exhausted. Merchandise is considered unexhausted if it has not been placed on the market in the European Economic Area with the trademark owner\u2019s consent. Wish must also provide information regarding sales volumes, revenue, and the commissions paid by merchants. The court further ruled that the platform must compensate for damages incurred since January 1, 2018.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition, the court granted injunctive relief under competition law. In the court\u2019s view, the offers lacked proper cancellation instructions as well as the merchants\u2019 names, addresses, and email addresses.<\/p>\n\n<h3 id=\"h-wann-macht-sich-ein-marktplatz-fremde-angebote-zu-eigen\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">When does a marketplace adopt third-party offers as its own?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The starting point is a principle that the court also emphasized. A platform that merely provides a trading platform does not adopt its users\u2019 offers as its own. Caution is warranted when assuming that such adoption has occurred. Nor is it sufficient that a platform provides the technical infrastructure and is paid for doing so.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the case of Louboutin v. Amazon, the ECJ established the conditions for liability (<a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=C-148\/21\">ECJ judgment of Dec. 22, 2022 \u2013 Case Nos. C-148\/21 and C-184\/21<\/a>). According to the ruling, an operator is deemed to be using a third-party trademark itself if the trademark appears as part of its own commercial communication. This is particularly the case if users could believe that the operator is selling the goods in its own name and on its own account. The Higher Regional Court interprets this \u201cin particular\u201d as an example, not as a limitation. It is sufficient that the operator outwardly and recognizably assumes responsibility for third-party offers.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court identified this responsibility based on a number of circumstances. The listings were presented in a uniform manner, in some cases with identical text and product images. The reference to the seller was small and inconspicuous. Order confirmations and payment information came from Wish or ContextLogic B.V., and the order status did not name a retailer. The button to contact the seller led to a chatbot featuring the Wish logo. Shipping is handled by a group company, and returns are sent to Wish\u2019s warehouses in Germany.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Added to this were the terms and conditions for merchants. Wish reserves the right to set the final prices itself and to retain any additional proceeds. The platform is permitted to sell unclaimed returns at its own expense. The court also considered the internal search function to be evidence. According to the trademark owner\u2019s undisputed submission, anyone entering \u201cghd\u201d would not find a single original product. The Higher Regional Court of Cologne had previously addressed the role of search algorithms in relation to <a href=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/suchergebnisse-bei-amazon-als-markenverletzung\/\">search results on Amazon<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group v4-pattern-general-quote-box has-kpw-purple-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Taken as a whole, from the perspective of the target audience\u2014consumers interested in purchasing hair care devices [\u2026]\u2014the impression is created that [the platform operator] (under the \u201cWish\u201d trademark) assumes responsibility for the products sold on www.wish.com, meaning it endorses the offers.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n<h3 id=\"h-warum-greift-das-haftungsprivileg-nicht\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why doesn&#8217;t the liability exemption apply?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under the E-Commerce Directive and, today, under the Digital Services Act, platforms enjoy a liability exemption. However, this requires them to play a neutral role\u2014that is, to engage in purely technical and passive conduct. In the court\u2019s view, Wish played an active role. The circumstances mentioned and the platform\u2019s share of sales revenue support this conclusion.<\/p>\n\n<h3 id=\"h-wusste-die-plattform-von-den-falschungen\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Did the platform know about the counterfeits?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court also found that the platform was aware of the situation. Wish offers merchants the option to have \u201cauthentic\u201d brand-name products verified. This implies an awareness that unverified listings are very likely not originals. Even the price of 35 euros suggests the goods are not genuine.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court found that negligence was sufficient grounds for awarding damages. Anyone who adopts third-party offers as their own must proactively verify whether the goods in question are subject to exhaustion. It is not sufficient to merely respond to infringement reports. Brand partner programs and the suspension of retailers do not preclude liability.<\/p>\n\n<h3 id=\"h-was-bedeutet-das-fur-markeninhaber\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">What does this mean for brand owners?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The ruling goes beyond the Louboutin case. In that case, Amazon sold its own merchandise alongside third-party offerings and provided storage and shipping services. Wish had argued that its own platform lacked precisely those elements. The Higher Regional Court left open the question of whether Wish itself sold under a third party\u2019s name and based its finding of liability on the overall picture.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This provides leverage for trademark owners seeking to combat <a href=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/en\/topics\/product-and-brand-piracy\/\">product and trademark piracy<\/a>. If the sellers are operating anonymously from abroad, the platform may be the only tangible party against whom a claim can be brought. If the platform is held liable as the perpetrator, it may be required not only to cease and desist but also to provide information and pay damages.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The judgment is not final. The court granted leave to appeal to the Federal Court of Justice regarding the trademark claims, but not regarding the competition law claims. At the time this article was written, it was not known whether an appeal had been filed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-so-gehen-sie-als-markeninhaber-vor\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Here\u2019s how to proceed as a trademark owner<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list is-style-arrow\">\n<li><strong>Document your platform presence.<\/strong> <br\/>Save not only the product listing but also search results, order confirmations, payment information, and customer communications. It was precisely these circumstances that established the seller\u2019s liability.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Conduct test purchases.<\/strong> <br\/>Only a test purchase reveals who is actually processing payments, shipping the items, and handling communications.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Keep a complete record of reports.<\/strong> <br\/>Document every infringement report with the date and the platform\u2019s response.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Examine potential defendants.<\/strong> <br\/>Determine whether, in addition to the merchants, the platform itself can be held liable for providing information and paying damages. An <a href=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/en\/services\/successfully-combating-trademark-infringement\/\">assessment of the trademark infringement<\/a> should take the platform\u2019s business model into account.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-fazit\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns v4-pattern-text-copy-half-col is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f56f613f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Hamburg Higher Regional Court holds a marketplace accountable when it presents itself to the outside world as a department store. This is favorable to trademark owners and, in essence, reasonable. Anyone who sets prices, accepts payments, and manages customer contact is more than just a neutral intermediary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, the reasoning raises questions. In our view, individual factors such as centralized payment processing, discount promotions, and customer service are not unusual in online retail. An overall assessment leaves open the question of where the line is drawn between this and a mere platform. Furthermore, the court infers knowledge from the existence of a verification program. This can create a perverse incentive if measures designed to protect against counterfeits are used as evidence of the company\u2019s own liability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Whether the departure from the criterion of selling in one&#8217;s own name is consistent with the Louboutin ruling will likely have to be clarified by the Federal Court of Justice (BGH) and the ECJ.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80)\">\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide v4-pattern-cta-box has-secondary-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-0c8cea62 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide are-vertically-aligned-top v4-pattern-cta-box__columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-71c143ff wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column is-layout-flow wp-container-core-column-is-layout-fb77afb0 wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:0;flex-basis:60%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-right is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1931a79c wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\r\n<div id=\"multirow-headline-block_2d4631c3a3ec56e5c0a52e5e42d24648\" class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline alignwide\">\r\n    <div class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-huge-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\">We\u2019d be happy to<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-x-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:8%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:0.9;text-transform:uppercase\">advise you on <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-huge-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:0.9;text-transform:uppercase\">Trademark law!<\/p>\n\n<\/div> \r\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9da75b5c wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-visual4-contact-modal__button\">\r\n            \r\n        <div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\r\n            \r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-button v4-contact-modal-button is-style-fill\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\" data-form-id=\"8\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-contrast-color has-base-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\">Contact Form<\/a><\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        \r\n    <\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-style-mobile-only is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-a768b15a wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-arrow is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-base-background-color has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"tel:4971141019030\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">Call now!<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column--image is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column__image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/themes\/kpw-law\/assets\/samples\/person-cropped.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23155\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stricter Platform Liability: The Hamburg Higher Regional Court holds Wish liable for counterfeit GHD hair straighteners. What this means for trademark owners.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4904],"tags":[6666,6663,5203,6665,6254,5771,5770,6664,6667],"thema":[6668],"rechtsgebiet":[4987,4898],"produkt":[4922,5002,5778],"class_list":["post-36732","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-general","tag-hair-straightener","tag-perpetrator-liability","tag-platform","tag-platform-liability","tag-product-counterfeiting","tag-product-piracy","tag-trademark-piracy","tag-wish","tag-wish-com","thema-product-and-brand-piracy","rechtsgebiet-competition-law","rechtsgebiet-markenrecht-en","produkt-product-brand-piracy","produkt-prosecution-of-trademark-infringements","produkt-successfully-combating-trademark-infringement"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Wish platform is liable for counterfeit goods<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Stricter Platform Liability: The Hamburg Higher Regional Court holds Wish liable for counterfeit GHD hair straighteners. 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