{"id":36722,"date":"2026-09-21T08:30:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-21T06:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kpw.law\/?p=36722"},"modified":"2026-09-21T10:03:00","modified_gmt":"2026-09-21T08:03:00","slug":"price-increase-via-turnstile","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kpw.law\/en\/price-increase-via-turnstile\/","title":{"rendered":"Price Increase via Turnstile"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull v4-pattern-hero v4-pattern-hero--post is-style-background-blend is-style-arrow has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull is-light v4-pattern-hero__cover\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);min-height:75vh;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><img data-dominant-color=\"b721a8\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-36720 size-large not-transparent\" alt=\"OLG M\u00fcnchen stoppt Preiserh\u00f6hung per Drehkreuz, aggressive Gesch\u00e4ftspraxis, Wettbewerbsrecht, Rechtsanwalt\" src=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Preiserhoehung-per-Drehkreuz-1024x576.avif\" style=\"--dominant-color: #b721a8; object-position:50% 68%\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" data-object-position=\"50% 68%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Preiserhoehung-per-Drehkreuz-1024x576.avif 1024w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Preiserhoehung-per-Drehkreuz-300x169.avif 300w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Preiserhoehung-per-Drehkreuz-768x432.avif 768w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Preiserhoehung-per-Drehkreuz-1536x864.avif 1536w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Preiserhoehung-per-Drehkreuz-2048x1152.avif 2048w\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-base-background-color has-background-dim-0 has-background-dim\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div style=\"height:5em\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-97ba1214 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-a6a2a725 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\r\n<h1 id=\"multirow-headline-block_02637cdc2b2f4e4f5746ac9ab29e954d\" class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline\">\r\n    <div class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline\">\n\n<p class=\"has-gigantic-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\">Price increase  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-huge-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:15%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\">via<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-color has-text-color has-link-color has-gigantic-font-size wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\"><span class=\"v4-marker-highlight-background\">turnstile.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<\/div> \r\n<\/h1>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-small-font-size is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-878d3859 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:italic;font-weight:300;text-transform:uppercase\"><div style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:300;text-transform:uppercase\" class=\"wp-block-post-date has-small-font-size\"><time datetime=\"2026-09-21T08:30:00+02:00\">21. September 2026<\/time><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">of<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:600\" class=\"wp-block-post-author-name\">Clemens Pfitzer<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-3b99a472 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Can a gym consider a member\u2019s mere entry into the facility as consent to higher membership fees? And is the franchise headquarters liable if its partner gyms attempt to do just that? The <\/strong>Munich Higher Regional Court classified the price increase enforced via a turnstile as an aggressive business practice and ruled against the company on both questions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-ein-aushang-am-drehkreuz\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">A notice posted on the turnstile<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">clever fit GmbH operates a chain of fitness centers under the clever fit trademark as a franchisor. In a limited number of its franchisees\u2019 locations, a notice with the heading \u201cImportant Information\u201d was posted at the entrance. In the notice, the gyms announced that they would be increasing the monthly membership fee by 8 euros per month\u2014or 96 euros per year\u2014effective September 1, 2022. This applied to both new and existing customers. Among other reasons, the notice cited rising energy and personnel costs.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The key sentence came at the end. Members were to give their consent simply by passing through the turnstile. However, anyone who wanted to work out was required to go through that turnstile.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Federal Association of Consumer Organizations subsequently filed a cease-and-desist action against the franchisor and prevailed in the Augsburg Regional Court.  <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What the parties were disputing<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">clever fit challenged the ruling in its entirety. The company argued that the provision regarding continued training had no legal basis. The members would have been able to continue using the gym anyway, for legal reasons, without having to accept the price increase.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Furthermore, clever fit did not consider itself the proper defendant. The issue concerned price increases by individual franchisees under their own contracts. For antitrust reasons alone, the corporate headquarters was not permitted to influence these prices or the terms and conditions used. The consumer association defended the regional court\u2019s ruling.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Munich Higher Regional Court upholds the injunction<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gesetze-bayern.de\/Content\/Document\/Y-300-Z-BECKRS-B-2026-N-22667\">its decision dated September 3, 2026 (<\/a> <strong> <\/strong>, Case No. 29 U 4043\/23 e), the Higher Regional Court dismissed the appeal and upheld the Regional Court\u2019s injunction.   <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why is the price increase based on the turnstile system considered aggressive?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/rechtsgebiet\/wettbewerbsrecht\/\" data-type=\"rechtsgebiet\" data-id=\"197\">Competition law prohibits <\/a>aggressive business practices. One such practice is improper influence. This occurs when a company exploits a position of power to exert pressure, thereby significantly limiting the customer\u2019s ability to make an informed decision. Violence or threats are not required for this to occur.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the court\u2019s view, such a position of power could also arise from technical circumstances within an existing contract. The requirements should not be set too high in light of the European Directive on Unfair Commercial Practices. This was precisely the point the court addressed. The studios had sought to attach an explanatory significance to the mere use of the service owed. Anyone who passed through the turnstile was thereby deemed to have agreed to the price increase.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group v4-pattern-general-quote-box has-kpw-red-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The contractor\u2019s contractual partner is thus faced with the choice of either accepting a price increase or other changes to the terms and conditions\u2014without which the contractor can no longer provide the service owed under the contract\u2014or forgoing the service.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anyone who doesn&#8217;t give in will be at a disadvantage because they won&#8217;t be able to enter the gym or work out. Their freedom to make decisions is also significantly restricted. Members would be confronted with the price increase right at the turnstile, just as they were about to work out. There, they would have little opportunity to learn about their rights or about continuing their membership at the old price.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Does it depend on whether the consent would be valid?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No, at least not under competition law. clever fit had specifically argued that members would have been legally permitted to continue working out even without consent. In the court\u2019s view, this argument fails to recognize that what matters is the perspective of the average gym member standing in front of the notice. That member would interpret the notice to mean that they could either give consent or forgo their workout. Objective legal considerations are irrelevant in this context.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is the franchise headquarters also liable?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes. Under competition law, a company is also liable for violations committed by its agents and cannot exonerate itself. According to the court, even independent franchisees could be considered such agents. The studios are integrated into the franchise system. The success of the price increase would also have benefited the corporate headquarters because it collects revenue-based franchise fees.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court did not accept the antitrust objection. The issue was not the pricing, but rather the posted notice, which was used to put pressure on the members. Headquarters should have ensured it had sufficient influence over this public image. clever fit itself did not dispute that it contractually dictated or influenced the public image of the franchise studios.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What does this mean for subscription and membership models?<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The ruling concerns an individual case but fits into a discernible pattern. The Munich Higher Regional Court itself cites a decision by the Bamberg Regional Court regarding a membership fee increase at a fitness center and a decision by the D\u00fcsseldorf Regional Court regarding a pop-up window in online banking. The court cites both cases to support the idea that companies can exert pressure within existing contracts when the service is accessed\u2014for example, to obtain consent to a price increase. Our article on <a href=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/en\/showers-in-the-gym\/\">advertising showers at fitness centers<\/a> shows that fitness centers are also vulnerable to competition law challenges in other contexts.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In our view, this standard can be applied to digital offerings. Possible examples include apps, streaming services, or software subscriptions that block access until the customer agrees to the new prices. Under the ruling, franchisors and chain store systems cannot simply dismiss their partners\u2019 communication measures as solely their partners\u2019 business.  <\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-fazit\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns v4-pattern-text-copy-half-col is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f56f613f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The ruling was entirely predictable. What stands out above all is the focus on the customer standing in front of the turnstile rather than on the abstract legal situation. Anyone who exerts pressure cannot claim that the pressure would have had no legal effect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It remains unclear, however, what a valid arrangement would look like. The court emphasizes that the members were unable to obtain sufficient information at the turnstile. The ruling does not address whether an earlier notice, allowing time for consideration, followed by explicit consent at another location, would have been sufficient.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This also creates a conflict for franchisors. They are expected to control the communication of price increases but are not allowed to set the prices themselves. The court resolves this by distinguishing between the price and the posted notice. In practice, however, it is not always possible to clearly separate pricing decisions from their implementation as they are communicated to customers.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80)\">\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide v4-pattern-cta-box has-secondary-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-0c8cea62 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide are-vertically-aligned-top v4-pattern-cta-box__columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-71c143ff wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column is-layout-flow wp-container-core-column-is-layout-fb77afb0 wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:0;flex-basis:60%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-right is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1931a79c wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\r\n<div id=\"multirow-headline-block_701aeaeb6d95a0c12255ef14464c88e3\" class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline alignwide\">\r\n    <div class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-huge-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\">We\u2019d be happy to<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-x-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:8%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:0.9;text-transform:uppercase\">advise you on <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-huge-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:0.9;text-transform:uppercase\">Competition law!<\/p>\n\n<\/div> \r\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9da75b5c wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-visual4-contact-modal__button\">\r\n            \r\n        <div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\r\n            \r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-button v4-contact-modal-button is-style-fill\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\" data-form-id=\"8\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-contrast-color has-base-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\">Contact Form<\/a><\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        \r\n    <\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-style-mobile-only is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-a768b15a wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-arrow is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-base-background-color has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"tel:4971141019030\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">Call now!<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column--image is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column__image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/themes\/kpw-law\/assets\/samples\/person-cropped.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23155\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Munich Higher Regional Court has ruled that the price increase implemented via turnstiles at the gym constitutes an aggressive business practice. The franchisor is also liable for its gyms.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4904],"tags":[6657,5511,6138,6655,6656,6604],"thema":[6408],"rechtsgebiet":[4987],"produkt":[],"class_list":["post-36722","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-general","tag-aggressive-business-practice","tag-consumer-advice-center","tag-fitness-studio","tag-price-adjustment-clause","tag-price-increase","tag-vzbv","thema-sport-and-fitness","rechtsgebiet-competition-law"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Price Increase by Turnstile<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Munich Higher Regional Court has ruled that the price increase implemented via a turnstile at the gym constitutes an aggressive business practice. 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