{"id":36384,"date":"2026-09-04T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T06:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kpw.law\/?p=36384"},"modified":"2026-09-04T13:00:04","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T11:00:04","slug":"chatgpt-is-becoming-vlose","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kpw.law\/en\/chatgpt-is-becoming-vlose\/","title":{"rendered":"ChatGPT is becoming VLOSE"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull v4-pattern-hero v4-pattern-hero--post is-style-background-blend is-style-arrow has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull is-light v4-pattern-hero__cover\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);min-height:75vh;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><img data-dominant-color=\"8055be\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-36382 size-large not-transparent\" alt=\"ChatGPT wird VLOSE, DSA, Digital Services Act, IT-Recht, Rechtsanwalt\" src=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/ChatGPT-wird-VLOSE-1024x576.avif\" style=\"--dominant-color: #8055be; object-position:48% 74%\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" data-object-position=\"48% 74%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/ChatGPT-wird-VLOSE-1024x576.avif 1024w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/ChatGPT-wird-VLOSE-300x169.avif 300w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/ChatGPT-wird-VLOSE-768x432.avif 768w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/ChatGPT-wird-VLOSE-1536x864.avif 1536w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/ChatGPT-wird-VLOSE-2048x1152.avif 2048w\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-base-background-color has-background-dim-0 has-background-dim\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div style=\"height:5em\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-97ba1214 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-a6a2a725 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\r\n<h1 id=\"multirow-headline-block_80a9070edd42c7e4b1880a8118690798\" class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline\">\r\n    <div class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline\">\n\n<p class=\"has-gigantic-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\">ChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-huge-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:15%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\">is<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-color has-text-color has-link-color has-gigantic-font-size wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\"><span class=\"v4-marker-highlight-background\">VLOSE<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div> \r\n<\/h1>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-small-font-size is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-878d3859 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:italic;font-weight:300;text-transform:uppercase\"><div style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:300;text-transform:uppercase\" class=\"wp-block-post-date has-small-font-size\"><time datetime=\"2026-09-04T08:00:00+02:00\">4. September 2026<\/time><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">of<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:600\" class=\"wp-block-post-author-name\">Clemens Pfitzer<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-3b99a472 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Can an AI chatbot be treated legally as a search engine? On August 31, 2026, the European Commission answered this question in the affirmative and classified ChatGPT as a \u201cVery Large Online Search Engine\u201d for the first time. Reddit and Roblox will henceforth be considered \u201cVery Large Online Platforms.\u201d All three services will now have to comply with the strictest obligations under the Digital Services Act.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What did the Commission decide?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/de\/ip_26_1772\">August 31, 2026, the European Commission designated<\/a> ChatGPT as a Very Large Online Search Engine (VLOSE). In the same move, Reddit and Roblox were classified as Very Large Online Platforms (VLOPs) under the <a href=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/en\/fields-of-law\/it-law\/\">Digital Services Act<\/a>. This classification is based on the three services\u2019 own reports that they reach at least 45 million average monthly users in the EU. This means they exceed the threshold set forth in Article 33 of the DSA.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first round of designations under the DSA took place some time ago. On April 25, 2023, the Commission had already designated 17 online platforms as VLOPs. At that time, only Google Search and Bing were classified as VLOSE. Since then, the list has grown to include additional names, such as the fashion retailer Shein in April 2024. The classification of Amazon as a VLOP was most recently upheld in court. <a href=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/en\/amazon-is-a-vlop\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"29824\">The Court of Justice of the European Union dismissed the company\u2019s lawsuit challenging its own designation<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What\u2019s new about the current designation is that, for the first time, an AI chatbot\u2014ChatGPT\u2014falls into this category. Following the notification, the three providers have four months to comply with the additional requirements for VLOP and VLOSE. The Commission itself specifies the period up to January 2027 for this, without naming a specific date.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why is ChatGPT considered a search engine?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Until now, only traditional search engines\u2014such as Google Search and Bing\u2014had been classified as VLOSE. The Commission justifies this by stating that ChatGPT is considered a hybrid service. The application responds to user input and also conducts searches on the internet. In the Commission\u2019s view, ChatGPT therefore meets the criteria for an online search engine as defined by the DSA. This is true even though the product appears as a chat application rather than a traditional search box.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reddit and Roblox, on the other hand, are treated as traditional platforms. Both services allow users to publicly create and share content and interact with one another. This is precisely what is decisive for their classification as VLOPs. In the case of Roblox, there is the additional factor that a significant portion of the user base is underage. This directly affects the risk categories for the protection of minors provided for in the DSA.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ChatGPT is subject to VLOSE obligations because the Commission considers its search function to be a defining feature. Reddit and Roblox are subject to VLOP obligations because both services are primarily used for the public distribution of user-generated content.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Unresolved Borderline Cases<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It remains unclear how the Commission will handle other generative AI services in the future once they reach the user threshold. It is also unclear whether ChatGPT\u2019s dual role as a hybrid service could trigger additional obligations. This would be conceivable if certain functions are more typical of a platform. A judicial ruling on these issues has yet to be issued, as has a response from the affected companies to the designation.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Does This Mean Specifically for Companies?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For now, nothing will change regarding the ongoing use of ChatGPT, Reddit, or Roblox. The new obligations apply to the three providers themselves, not directly to their advertisers, developers, or contractual partners. Nevertheless, this classification will have practical implications for several groups.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Those who run ads on Reddit or Roblox will benefit in the future from more extensive transparency requirements imposed on the platforms. This includes, for example, labeling ads and disclosing why certain ads were served. Anyone developing applications based on the ChatGPT APIs should keep an eye on these developments. OpenAI could change its APIs or terms of service as part of the new risk assessment. Companies that operate their own <a href=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/en\/topics\/artificial-intelligence-ai\/\">artificial intelligence<\/a> applications with search or interaction features will benefit from the Commission\u2019s reasoning. For the first time, they now have a specific set of cases against which they can assess their own situation.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What obligations do providers have?<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list is-style-arrow\">\n<li><strong>Risk Assessment.<\/strong> ChatGPT, Reddit, and Roblox must assess the systemic risks posed by their services and algorithms. This includes illegal content and the protection of minors, as well as the physical and mental health of users. It also covers fundamental rights, electoral processes, and public safety. The assessment must be documented and updated regularly.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Recommendation systems without profiling.<\/strong> Under Article 38 of the DSA, providers must offer at least one option for each recommendation system that does not rely on profiling. This allows users to choose to view content that is not based on their individual usage behavior.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Data Access for Research.<\/strong> Under Article 40 of the DSA, certified researchers are granted access to relevant data. They use this data to examine systemic risks and the effectiveness of the countermeasures taken by providers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Annual independent audits.<\/strong> Under Article 37 of the DSA, providers must, at their own expense, have an independent audit of their compliance conducted at least once a year. The results are taken into account in the Commission\u2019s oversight.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fines of up to 6 percent.<\/strong> In the event of violations, the Commission may impose fines pursuant to Article 74 of the DSA. The fines may amount to up to 6 percent of the provider\u2019s total annual global revenue for the preceding fiscal year. The fine applies exclusively to the designated provider, not to its contractual partners.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Unresolved Interpretive Issues<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It remains to be seen how the Commission will handle other AI chatbots that are approaching the user threshold. So far, ChatGPT is the only precedent.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It remains to be seen whether ChatGPT\u2019s dual nature as a hybrid service could also trigger VLOP-specific obligations in the future.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Commission has not yet announced the exact date on which the obligations will become binding for ChatGPT, Reddit, and Roblox.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-fazit\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns v4-pattern-text-copy-half-col is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f56f613f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For the first time, the Commission has classified an AI chatbot under the strictest regulatory regime of the Digital Services Act. In doing so, it explicitly treats ChatGPT as a hybrid service that falls between a search engine and a platform. Since the first designation round in 2023, Google Search and Bing have been the only VLOSE. This exclusive group is now expanding to include an AI product for the first time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For ChatGPT, Reddit, and Roblox, the classification will require significant implementation efforts within a few months. For other companies, the decision remains a precedent for now. It offers insight into how the Commission might handle generative AI services that reach comparable user numbers in the future. However, a clear policy on this matter has yet to be established.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anyone who operates digital services with a growing reach or develops AI applications with interactive or search functions should assess their own classification early on.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80)\">\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide v4-pattern-cta-box has-secondary-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-0c8cea62 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide are-vertically-aligned-top v4-pattern-cta-box__columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-71c143ff wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column is-layout-flow wp-container-core-column-is-layout-fb77afb0 wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:0;flex-basis:60%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-right is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1931a79c wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\r\n<div id=\"multirow-headline-block_dd8890f01a8784a92716ab82b74321a1\" class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline alignwide\">\r\n    <div class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-huge-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\">We\u2019d be happy to<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-x-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:8%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:0.9;text-transform:uppercase\">advise you on the<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-huge-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:0.9;text-transform:uppercase\">Digital Services Act!<\/p>\n\n<\/div> \r\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9da75b5c wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-visual4-contact-modal__button\">\r\n            \r\n        <div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\r\n            \r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-button v4-contact-modal-button is-style-fill\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\" data-form-id=\"8\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-contrast-color has-base-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\">Contact Form<\/a><\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        \r\n    <\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-style-mobile-only is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-a768b15a wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-arrow is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-base-background-color has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"tel:4971141019030\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">Call now!<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column--image is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column__image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/themes\/kpw-law\/assets\/samples\/person-cropped.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23155\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The European Commission classifies ChatGPT as a search engine (VLOSE) and Reddit and Roblox as VLOPs. Here&#8217;s what that means for businesses and advertisers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4904],"tags":[5555,5556,6615,5973],"thema":[5094],"rechtsgebiet":[5012],"produkt":[],"class_list":["post-36384","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-general","tag-digital-services-act-en","tag-dsa-en","tag-lice","tag-vlop","thema-artificial-intelligence-ai","rechtsgebiet-it-law"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.1 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>ChatGPT will become a VLOSE; Reddit and Roblox will become VLOPs<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The European Commission classifies ChatGPT as a search engine (VLOSE) and Reddit and Roblox as VLOPs. 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