{"id":35769,"date":"2026-08-25T08:30:00","date_gmt":"2026-08-25T06:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kpw.law\/?p=35769"},"modified":"2026-08-22T19:51:05","modified_gmt":"2026-08-22T17:51:05","slug":"no-trademark-for-animal-farm-and-1984","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kpw.law\/en\/no-trademark-for-animal-farm-and-1984\/","title":{"rendered":"No trademark for *Animal Farm* and *1984*"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull v4-pattern-hero v4-pattern-hero--post is-style-background-blend is-style-arrow has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull v4-pattern-hero__cover\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);min-height:75vh;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><img data-dominant-color=\"4a61e0\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-35767 size-large not-transparent\" alt=\"Keine Marke f\u00fcr Animal Farm und 1984, Markenrecht, Buchtitel, Werktitel, Rechtsanwalt\" src=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Keine-Marke-fuer-Animal-Farm-und-1984-1024x576.avif\" style=\"--dominant-color: #4a61e0; object-position:48% 79%\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" data-object-position=\"48% 79%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Keine-Marke-fuer-Animal-Farm-und-1984-1024x576.avif 1024w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Keine-Marke-fuer-Animal-Farm-und-1984-300x169.avif 300w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Keine-Marke-fuer-Animal-Farm-und-1984-768x432.avif 768w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Keine-Marke-fuer-Animal-Farm-und-1984-1536x864.avif 1536w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Keine-Marke-fuer-Animal-Farm-und-1984-2048x1152.avif 2048w\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-base-background-color has-background-dim-0 has-background-dim\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div style=\"height:5em\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-97ba1214 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-a6a2a725 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\r\n<h1 id=\"multirow-headline-block_cb61c885415afb9a4b4ea5f773fac322\" class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline\">\r\n    <div class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline\">\n\n<p class=\"has-gigantic-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\">No trademark<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-huge-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:15%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\">for Animal Farm<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-color has-text-color has-link-color has-gigantic-font-size wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\"><span class=\"v4-marker-highlight-background\">and 1984<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div> \r\n<\/h1>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-small-font-size is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-878d3859 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:italic;font-weight:300;text-transform:uppercase\"><div style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:300;text-transform:uppercase\" class=\"wp-block-post-date has-small-font-size\"><time datetime=\"2026-08-25T08:30:00+02:00\">25. August 2026<\/time><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">of<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:600\" class=\"wp-block-post-author-name\">Clemens Pfitzer<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-3b99a472 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Can a book title be registered as a trademark if the underlying work is world-famous? The Grand Board of Appeal of the EUIPO ruled against this for \u201cANIMAL FARM\u201d and \u201c1984.\u201d For publishers, estate administrators, and rights holders of literary works, this decision provides important insights.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The estate sought to register \u201cANIMAL FARM\u201d and \u201c1984\u201d as trademarks<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The estate of the late Sonia Brownell Orwell, George Orwell\u2019s widow and legal successor, filed two EU word marks on March 6, 2018: \u201cANIMAL FARM\u201d and \u201c1984.\u201d The application sought to protect, among other things, books, printed materials, films, sound recordings, and video games, as well as entertainment and educational offerings.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The EUIPO partially rejected both applications in 2019. According to the Office, the titles lack the ability to identify a specific company as the provider and are understood by the public merely as a description of the content. Because the Office had previously ruled differently in comparable cases, the competent Board of Appeal referred both cases to the Grand Board of Appeal.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-beide-beschwerden-bleiben-erfolglos\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Both appeals were dismissed<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In <a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/ClemensPfitzer\/Downloads\/20260527_R1719_2019-G.pdf\">a decision dated May 27, 2026 (Case Nos. R 1719\/2019-G and R 1922\/2019-G, heard jointly<\/a>), the Grand Board of Appeal of the EUIPO dismissed the appeals. The rejection therefore stands for books, films, sound recordings, computer games, and entertainment and educational offerings. It is currently unknown whether the decision has been challenged before the General Court of the European Union; therefore, it is not yet final.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-wann-beschreibt-ein-buchtitel-nur-den-inhalt\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">When does a book title merely describe the content?<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Grand Board of Appeal clarifies that not every book title is automatically excluded from registration. The decisive factor is whether the public immediately recognizes the title as the title of a work and therefore associates it mentally with the content rather than with a specific company. In the cases of \u201cANIMAL FARM\u201d and \u201c1984,\u201d the Chamber affirms this. After decades of circulation, numerous film adaptations, and their firm establishment in school curricula in Ireland and Malta, both titles have become an integral part of general cultural knowledge.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group v4-pattern-general-quote-box has-kpw-orange-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While a trademark guarantees the commercial origin of goods or services, a book title directs the consumer&#8217;s attention to the intellectual work itself rather than to the company responsible for its publication.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this regard, the Chamber expressly cites an earlier decision regarding \u201cTHE JUNGLE BOOK,\u201d in which it was ruled that titles that have become independent genre terms through numerous adaptations generally cannot be used to identify a specific company as the source. The Chamber expressly distances itself from a differing decision regarding *The Diary of Anne Frank*, where a different ruling was reached.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Copyright does not automatically protect a trademark<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Noteworthy is the clarification regarding the relationship between <a href=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/rechtsgebiet\/urheberrecht\/\" data-type=\"rechtsgebiet\" data-id=\"284\">copyright law<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/rechtsgebiet\/markenrecht\/\" data-type=\"rechtsgebiet\" data-id=\"209\">trademark law<\/a>. In the Chamber\u2019s view, whether or not Orwell\u2019s works are still protected by copyright has no bearing on the trademark law assessment. Copyright law and trademark law protect different interests: one protects creative expression, while the other protects the distinction of a product\u2019s commercial origin.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"h-fazit\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns v4-pattern-text-copy-half-col is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f56f613f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For publishers, estate administrators, and rights holders of literary works, the ruling means this: The better known a work\u2019s title is, the greater the risk that it will be understood merely as a summary of the content and, for that reason alone, will not qualify as a trademark. This applies regardless of whether the work is still protected by copyright or is already in the public domain\u2014that is, freely available for anyone to use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anyone who still wishes to register the title of a well-known work as <a href=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/en\/topics\/trademark\/\">a trademark<\/a> should rely on distinctive additional elements, such as a graphic design, a standalone series title, or a combination with a unique word element.  Alternatively, one should apply for trademark registration in a timely manner, before the title becomes well-known.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A blanket statement that work titles are never eligible for trademark protection cannot be inferred from the decision. The Federal Patent Court had previously reached a similar conclusion regarding <a href=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/en\/the-fairy-tale-of-the-frog-king\/\">well-known fairy tale characters<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80)\">\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide v4-pattern-cta-box has-secondary-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-0c8cea62 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide are-vertically-aligned-top v4-pattern-cta-box__columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-71c143ff wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column is-layout-flow wp-container-core-column-is-layout-fb77afb0 wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:0;flex-basis:60%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-right is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1931a79c wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\r\n<div id=\"multirow-headline-block_843e531225790cef218d871f378556c8\" class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline alignwide\">\r\n    <div class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-huge-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\">We\u2019d be happy to<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-x-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:8%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:0.9;text-transform:uppercase\">you on<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-huge-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:0.9;text-transform:uppercase\">Trademark law!<\/p>\n\n<\/div> \r\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9da75b5c wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-visual4-contact-modal__button\">\r\n            \r\n        <div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\r\n            \r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-button v4-contact-modal-button is-style-fill\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\" data-form-id=\"8\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-contrast-color has-base-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\">Contact Form<\/a><\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        \r\n    <\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-style-mobile-only is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-a768b15a wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-arrow is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-base-background-color has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"tel:4971141019030\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">Call now!<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column--image is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column__image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/themes\/kpw-law\/assets\/samples\/person-cropped.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23155\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Grand Board of Appeal of the EUIPO ruled that a book title cannot be registered as a trademark if it merely describes the content\u2014as was the case with *Animal Farm* and *1984*.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4904],"tags":[6576,6574,6577,6575,5802,5989,5990],"thema":[4895],"rechtsgebiet":[4898],"produkt":[],"class_list":["post-35769","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-general","tag-animal-farm","tag-book","tag-famous-book","tag-george-orwell","tag-lack-of-distinctiveness","tag-work-title","tag-work-title-protection","thema-marke-en","rechtsgebiet-markenrecht-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.1 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>No trademark for *Animal Farm* and *1984*<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Grand Board of Appeal of EUIPO ruled that a book title cannot be 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