{"id":30176,"date":"2025-12-10T12:58:02","date_gmt":"2025-12-10T10:58:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kpw.law\/?p=30176"},"modified":"2026-04-20T22:17:32","modified_gmt":"2026-04-20T20:17:32","slug":"no-work-title-protection-for-miss-moneypenny","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kpw.law\/en\/no-work-title-protection-for-miss-moneypenny\/","title":{"rendered":"No work title protection for Miss Moneypenny"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull v4-pattern-hero v4-pattern-hero--post is-style-background-blend is-style-arrow has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull v4-pattern-hero__cover\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);min-height:75vh;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><img data-dominant-color=\"6f4792\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #6f4792;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-30173 size-large not-transparent\" alt=\"Kein Werktitelschutz f\u00fcr Miss Moneypenny, Markenrecht, Rechtsanwalt\" src=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Kein-Werktitelschutz-fuer-Miss-Moneypenny-1-1024x576.jpg\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Kein-Werktitelschutz-fuer-Miss-Moneypenny-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Kein-Werktitelschutz-fuer-Miss-Moneypenny-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Kein-Werktitelschutz-fuer-Miss-Moneypenny-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Kein-Werktitelschutz-fuer-Miss-Moneypenny-1-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/uploads\/Kein-Werktitelschutz-fuer-Miss-Moneypenny-1-2048x1152.jpg 2048w\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-base-background-color has-background-dim-0 has-background-dim\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div style=\"height:5em\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1d4b5d69 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-19e250f3 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\r\n<h1 id=\"multirow-headline-block_740deaf060f61955877600bdd184f391\" class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline\">\r\n    <div class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline\">\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-size:clamp(2.545rem, 2.545rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 3.758), 4.8rem);font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\">No work title protection<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-huge-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:15%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\">for  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-contrast-color has-text-color has-link-color has-gigantic-font-size wp-elements-9eaf801a5781923ec650eac90b7687b9\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\"><span class=\"v4-marker-highlight-background\">Moneypenny<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<\/div> \r\n<\/h1>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-small-font-size is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-76c96157 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:italic;font-weight:300;text-transform:uppercase\"><div style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:300;text-transform:uppercase;\" class=\"wp-block-post-date has-small-font-size\"><time datetime=\"2025-12-10T12:58:02+02:00\">10. December 2025<\/time><\/div>\n\n\n<p>from<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"font-style:italic;font-weight:600;\" class=\"wp-block-post-author-name\">Clemens Pfitzer<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-c93ec0be wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p><strong>Can a novel or movie character itself be a work? And when does a name like &#8220;Moneypenny&#8221; become the title of a work?   <\/strong>The Federal Court of Justice had to clarify whether the Bond character Miss Moneypenny has enough independence to displace third-party trademarks.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-miss-moneypenny\">Miss Moneypenny<\/h2>\n\n<p>It is an interesting clash of two very different worlds. On the one hand, there is the glamorous and world-famous Bond franchise with its iconic characters and clearly defined roles. On the other hand, there is a modern business concept from Germany that offers assistance and office services under the name &#8220;MONEYPENNY&#8221; &#8211; including a franchise system, trademarks, domains and a website.  <\/p>\n\n<p>The name is seductive: competent, confident, discreet &#8211; a bundle of attributes that works perfectly in the assistance industry. But is a company allowed to use a name that comes from one of the world&#8217;s most successful film franchises? <\/p>\n\n<p>The film company took a different view and invoked work title protection, among other things. In the end, only this question remained before the Federal Court of Justice. The result is remarkably clear: &#8220;Moneypenny&#8221; is not a work eligible for title protection.    <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hintergrund-werktitelschutz\">Background: Work title protection<\/h2>\n\n<p>Work titles are intended to provide orientation for the public. They serve to distinguish immaterial products &#8211; books, films, apps or websites &#8211; from one another. It is the designation of a work that is protected, not the work itself.  <\/p>\n\n<p>Two conditions must be met for the protection to apply:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list is-style-arrow\">\n<li>There must be a work, i.e. an immaterial work result that the public perceives as an independent object.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The designation must be used as a title, i.e. precisely as the name of this work.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>In its decision, the Federal Court of Justice once again makes it clear that it is not about the creativity of a figure, but about its ability to be designated: Can the name actually designate a work? And does this work even exist? <\/p>\n\n<p>With fictional characters, the answer is rarely simple. This is because they regularly appear in the context of a superordinate work &#8211; novel, film or series &#8211; and are initially part of this work for the public, not an independent product.   <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-moneypenny-zwischen-assistentin-und-geheimdienst\">Moneypenny between assistant and secret service<\/h2>\n\n<p>The Moneypenny character has been part of the regular cast since the first Bond film in 1962: as the reliable, trenchant and always charming secretary to the head of the secret service &#8220;M&#8221;, later &#8211; in the reboot &#8211; first as an agent, then again as an assistant.<\/p>\n\n<p>At the same time, the franchisor used the name &#8220;MONEYPENNY&#8221; in the German assistance market for years, including for:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Office and assistance services,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Training, recruitment and franchise documents,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>several identical trademarks,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>different domains like <em>my-moneypenny.com<\/em>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and an extensive online presence, documented in the judgment by a screenshot of the homepage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>It was clear to the film company that the character was so well-known that the name could not be used freely. It asserted claims under <a href=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/en\/rechtsgebiet\/markenrecht-en\/\">trademark law<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/rechtsgebiet\/wettbewerbsrecht\/\">competition law <\/a>and work title protection. <\/p>\n\n<p>After all other bases for claims had already failed in the lower courts, the Federal Court of Justice was left with the question: Can the character &#8220;Moneypenny&#8221; be a work eligible for title protection?<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-bgh-die-figur-hat-kein-eigenes-werkprofil\">Federal Court of Justice: The figure does not have its own work profile<\/h2>\n\n<p>The Federal Court of Justice denies with  <a href=\"https:\/\/juris.bundesgerichtshof.de\/cgi-bin\/rechtsprechung\/document.py?Gericht=bgh&amp;Art=en&amp;Datum=Aktuell&amp;Sort=12288&amp;nr=143735&amp;anz=998&amp;pos=13\">Judgment of 04.12.2025 &#8211; Ref. I ZR 219\/24 <\/a>  the work title protection of Miss Moneypenny.  <\/p>\n\n<p>In principle, it is possible for a fictional character to form a separate work. However, the decisive factor is whether the character in the original work is so independent, distinctive and individualized that the public perceives it as a separate object. <\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group v4-pattern-general-quote-box has-kpw-pink-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<p>The ability to designate a fictional character requires a certain independence and independent recognition of the character in relation to the work in which it is used.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>The Federal Court of Justice thus makes a clear distinction:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A mere supporting character is not enough.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A &#8220;typical role&#8221; is not enough either.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Even a long-standing presence in the franchise is no substitute for individualization.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-moneypenny-fehlt-das-unverwechselbare-profil\">Moneypenny lacks an unmistakable profile<\/h3>\n\n<p>According to the Court of Appeal, which the Federal Court of Justice follows, the figure is not protected by copyright as a separate figure because it does not have a sufficiently distinctive personality profile.<\/p>\n\n<p>Added to this is the lack of visual fixation: for decades, very different actresses have played the role. There is no consistent external appearance that the public could perceive as defining. <\/p>\n\n<p>The characteristics described &#8211; loyal, efficient, charming, slightly ironic &#8211; are archetypal for an assistant character, but not individual enough. Such a characterization does not make Moneypenny an independent intellectual creation. <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-werktitelschutz-entsteht-nicht-durch-spin-offs-oder-marketing\">Work title protection does not arise through spin-offs or marketing<\/h3>\n\n<p>The Federal Court of Justice clarifies that merchandising, advertising, spin-offs, accompanying literature or licensed products may not be taken into account.<\/p>\n\n<p>According to the Federal Court of Justice, independence must stem from the basic work itself. Anything else would be &#8220;independence by virtue of marketing&#8221;. The Federal Court of Justice expressly rejects this.  <\/p>\n\n<p>This means that all products submitted by the plaintiff &#8211; from accessories to spin-off novels &#8211; remain legally irrelevant.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-der-verkehr-erkennt-keinen-werkcharakter-des-namens\">The public does not recognize the work character of the name<\/h3>\n\n<p>The examination of the public perception only revealed that &#8220;Moneypenny&#8221; refers to the Bond films &#8211; not to an independent work.<\/p>\n\n<p>According to the Federal Court of Justice, this is not sufficient for work title protection.<\/p>\n\n<p>The name is not a title in the film, but a purely internal fictional designation of a person. This means that it is not used as a title &#8211; another reason why the claim is not valid. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-was-unternehmen-aus-dem-fall-lernen-konnen\">What companies can learn from the case<\/h2>\n\n<p>The decision has an impact far beyond the bond universe and creates clarity in practice.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-figuren-namen-sind-markenrechtlich-nicht-automatisch-blockiert\">Figure names are not automatically blocked under trademark law<\/h3>\n\n<p>Even famous figures do not enjoy automatic title protection.<br \/>Companies can use such names under certain circumstances if:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>they do not infringe a registered trademark,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>no work title protection applies,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>there is no unfair exploitation of a well-known trademark.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>This creates legal freedom of movement for creative or descriptive names that also happen to appear in pop culture.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-rechteinhaber-sollten-fruhzeitig-markenrechtlich-vorsorgen\">Rights holders should take trademark precautions at an early stage<\/h3>\n\n<p>Anyone relying on work title protection is ill-advised. The hurdle is high &#8211; especially for characters who only appear as part of a comprehensive work. <\/p>\n\n<p>The following therefore applies to rights holders:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>register central figures and designations as a trademark as a precautionary measure,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ensure clear license chains,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>consistently <a href=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/en\/services\/markenueberwachung-marke-rechtsanwalt\/\">monitor<\/a> trademark use.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Title protection can supplement, but not replace.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-fazit\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns v4-pattern-text-copy-half-col is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>The Federal Court of Justice draws a clear line: fictional characters can enjoy work title protection &#8211; but only if they develop a genuine independence in the basic work. &#8220;Moneypenny&#8221; remains a formative but functional secondary character in the Bond universe.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is not an independent work and its name is not a work title. For companies, this means that it may be possible to use such names.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This means for rights holders: If you want to protect your characters, you should do so under trademark law &#8211; not just in disputes over title protection.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80)\">\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide v4-pattern-cta-box has-secondary-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-a7c0d175 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide are-vertically-aligned-top v4-pattern-cta-box__columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-ec2e7a44 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column is-layout-flow wp-container-core-column-is-layout-bce6ca70 wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:0;flex-basis:60%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-right is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-5c12a1d1 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\r\n<div id=\"multirow-headline-block_e502aba5f2c39dd8af5adb74315a530b\" class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline alignwide\">\r\n    <div class=\"wp-block-visual4-multirow-headline\">\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-huge-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase\">We are happy to<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-x-large-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:8%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:0.9;text-transform:uppercase\">advise you about<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-huge-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0%;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-style:normal;font-weight:1000;line-height:0.9;text-transform:uppercase\">Title protection!<\/p>\n\n<\/div> \r\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-5c3c14bb wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-visual4-contact-modal__button\">\r\n            \r\n        <div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\r\n            \r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-button v4-contact-modal-button is-style-fill\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\" data-form-id=\"8\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-contrast-color has-base-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\">Contact form<\/a><\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        \r\n    <\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-style-mobile-only is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-fc4fd283 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-arrow is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-base-background-color has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"tel:4971141019030\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">Call now!<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column--image is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full v4-pattern-cta-box__columns-column__image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/kpw.law\/wp-content\/themes\/kpw-law\/assets\/samples\/person-cropped.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23155\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Federal Court of Justice: No title protection rights to &#8220;Moneypenny&#8221;. Why the Bond character is not a work in its own right and what this means for trademarks and companies. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4904],"tags":[5991,5989,5990],"thema":[4895,4897],"rechtsgebiet":[4987,4898],"produkt":[5001,5000,4902,5778,5841],"class_list":["post-30176","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-general","tag-movie-character","tag-work-title","tag-work-title-protection","thema-marke-en","thema-markenformen-en","rechtsgebiet-competition-law","rechtsgebiet-markenrecht-en","produkt-advice-on-trademark-law","produkt-defense-against-trademark-warning","produkt-markenuberwachung-en","produkt-successfully-combating-trademark-infringement","produkt-trademark-monitoring-2"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.5 (Yoast SEO v27.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Federal Court of Justice: No work title protection for Miss Moneypenny<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Federal Court of Justice: No title protection rights to &quot;Moneypenny&quot;. 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